Cigarettes: product page

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS). A Report of the Surgeon General: Preventing Tobacco Use among Youth and Young Adults. We Can Make the Next Generation Tobacco-Free (Consumer Booklet). Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health; 2012.

Al-Bashaireh AM, Haddad LG, Weaver M, Kelly DL, Chengguo X, Yoon S. The effect of tobacco smoking on musculoskeletal health: a systematic review. J Environ Public Health. 2018 Jul 11;2018.

US Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking—50 Years of Progress. A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: US Dept of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health; 2014.

Ward KD, Klesges RC. A meta-analysis of the effects of cigarette smoking on bone mineral density. Calcified tissue international. 2001 May;68(5):259-70.

National Institutes of Health. Smoking and Bone Health. National Institutes of Health Osteoporosis and Related Bone Diseases National Resource Center; 2018.

Reumann MK, Schaefer J, Titz B. et al. E-vapor aerosols do not compromise bone integrity relative to cigarette smoke after 6-month inhalation in an ApoE–/– mouse model. Arch. Toxicol. 2020;94:2163–2177.

Stefaniak AB, LeBouf RF, Ranpara AC, Leonard SS. Toxicology of flavoring- and cannabis-containing e-liquids used in electronic delivery systems, Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2021;224:107838.

Otero CE, Noeker JA, Brown MM, Wavreil FDM, Harvey WA, Mitchell KA, Heggland SJ. Electronic cigarette liquid exposure induces flavor-dependent osteotoxicity and increases expression of a key bone marker, collagen type i. Journal of Applied Toxicology. 2019;39:888–898.

Jorde R, Stunes AK, Kubiak J, Grimnes G, Thorsby PM, Syversen U. Smoking and other determinants of bone turnover. PLoS One. 2019 Nov 25;14(11):e0225539.

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U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS). E-Cigarette Use Among Youth and Young Adults: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2016.

England LJ, Aagaard K, Bloch M, et al. Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2017; 72:176-189.

Dwyer JB, McQuown SC, Leslie FM. The dynamic effects of nicotine on the developing brain. Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2009; 122(2):125-39.

Slotkin TA. Cholinergic systems in brain development and disruption by neurotoxicants: nicotine, environmental tobacco smoke, organophosphates. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 2004; 198(2), 132-151.

American Cancer Society. Benefits of Quitting Smoking Over Time. https://www.cancer.org/healthy/stay-away-from-tobacco/benefits-of-quitting-smoking-over-time.html. Updated November 1, 2018. Accessed March 10, 2020.

Ajmani GS, Suh HH, Wroblewski KE, Pinto JM. Smoking and olfactory dysfunction: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Laryngoscope. 2017 Aug;127(8):1753-1761

Vennemann MM, Hummel T, Berger K. The association between smoking and smell and taste impairment in the general population. J Neurol. 2008 Aug;255(8):1121-6.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS). The Health Consequences of Smoking: What It Means to You (Consumer Booklet). Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health; 2004.

Ortiz A, Grando SA. Smoking and the skin. International Journal of Dermatology. 2012; 51:250–262.

Just M, Ribera M, Monsó E, Lorenzo JC, Ferrándiz C. Effect of smoking on skin elastic fibres: morphometric and immunohistochemical analysis. British Journal of Dermatology. 2007;156(1):85-91.

Urbánska M, Ratajczak L, Witkowska-Nagiewicz. Analysis of knowledge about tobacco smoking influence on skin condition. Przeglad Lekarski. 2012; 69(10):1055-1059.

Su L-H, Chen TH-H. Association of Androgenetic Alopecia With Smoking and Its Prevalence Among Asian Men. JAMA Dermatology. 2007;143(11).

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS). How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease: The Biology and Behavioral Basis for Smoking-Attributable Disease: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health; 2010.

DSM-5: American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM 5. American Psychiatric Association; Washington: 2013

Hughes JR, Hatsukami D. Signs and Symptoms of Tobacco Withdrawal. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1986;43(3):289–294.

Brett EI, Miller MB, Leavens EL, Lopez SV, Wagener TL, Leffingwell TR. Electronic cigarette use and sleep health in young adults. Journal of sleep research. 2020;29(3), e12902.

Cleveland Clinic. (2024, August 8). Nicotine withdrawal: Symptoms, treatment & side effects. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21587-nicotine-withdrawal

Hughes JR. Effects of abstinence from tobacco: valid symptoms and time course. Nicotine & tobacco research. 2007;9(3), 315-327.

Hughes JR, Higgins ST, Bickel WK. Nicotine withdrawal versus other drug withdrawal syndromes: similarities and dissimilarities. Addiction. 1994;89(11), 1461-1470.

Jaehne A, Loessl B, Bárkai Z, Riemann D, Hornyak M. Effects of nicotine on sleep during consumption, withdrawal and replacement therapy. Sleep medicine reviews. 2009;13(5), 363-377.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS). A Report of the Surgeon General: How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease: What It Means to You (Consumer Booklet). Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health; 2010.

Parrott A. Does cigarette smoking cause stress? The American Psychologist. 1999; 54(10):817-820.